Study propels Swiss energy towards fully carbon neutral state by 2050
07 June 2023
EPFL researchers have revealed that Switzerland’s energy system could not only meet the constraints of carbon neutrality and independence by 2050, but also slash costs by 30 percent.
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A carbon-neutral and independent Swiss energy system in 2050 is theoretically achievable using the currently untapped local renewable energy resources. This system would even be cheaper than the country’s 2020 energy system modelled with the same assumptions, with up to 30 to 32 percent cost reductions.
Such are the findings of an extensive study led at EPFL and HES-SO Valais, that have the potential to pave the way for a reinforced plan towards more domestic investment in clean energy.
Though theoretically possible, the total independence of the Swiss energy system is not a goal, per se. The carbon-neutral constraint by 2050, however, is aligned with the text of the Federal Act on Climate Protection Objectives (submitted to the Swiss vote in June 2023).
The scientists decided nevertheless to use their model, the multi-energy and multi-sector modelling framework EnergyScope, to push Switzerland into a fully energy-independent state theoretically to guarantee the security of supply and later calculate the impacts of the imports and exports.
The model generated cost-optimal investment options that satisfy the demands of Swiss society defined as households, transportation, and industry and focus on the role of the existing or reinforced infrastructure.
The researchers from the EPFL School of Engineering’s Industrial Process and Energy Systems Engineering group (IPESE), led by François Maréchal, found that to meet the aforementioned goals, Switzerland should boost the generation of photovoltaic (PV) and wind electricity and that an economic optimum could be achieved by covering 60% of Switzerland's roof area with PV systems.
"Switzerland still has a largely unexploited solar PV potential in already-built-up areas. An economic optimum could be reached if fewer than two out of three roofs are covered. The next step is to determine which roofs are most suitable," explains EPFL and HES-SO Valais PhD student Jonas Schnidrig, first author of the recent study published inFrontiers in energy research.
Since the sun shines more intensely in summer, but the wind blows more intensely in winter, it is necessary to find the right balance between electricity generation and seasonal storage to meet the Swiss energy demand at all times, especially in the winter season.
The study suggests that summer-dominated solar production could be most optimally balanced by a deployment of wind capacity, producing mainly in winter together with hydroelectricity and biomass.
They also show that plenty of equivalent solutions exist and they assess their sensitivity to the cost uncertainties. The models reveal the interdependence of the options and the impact of the technological choices on the other investments and on the infrastructure.
“The main difference here is the nature of the costs: the current Swiss energy system is based primarily on (cheap) imports rather than investment. The consumer therefore pays and relies on using resources and technologies that are indeed invested and operated outside Switzerland,” explains François Maréchal.
“In contrast, the future system we have modelled is based on local investment, the use of our own resources, and appears to be the most economical and resilient choice in the long run."